Bio1100 Chapter 39 Behavior and the Environment
  1. Animal             is defined by response to            in the environment.
     
  2. An           (instinctive) behavior is inherited through genes, as when a         stimulus triggers a fixed           pattern (FAP).
     
  3. Many behaviors are            and can be altered based on previous experiences.
     
    •                learning takes place when a behavior is                by association between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response.
      • • Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus is associated with a consequence (reward or punishment).

        This was shown by Ivan Pavlov with dogs.

        An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits a specific, unconditioned response (UCR).

        If the UCS is associated with a neutral stimulus (NS), the latter may become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and elicit the same, conditioned response (CR), in the absence of the UCS.

        Advertisers often use classical conditioning to associate their products (NS) with a desirable stimulus (UCS).

        Quiz


      • • Operant conditioning

        The consequence of chasing a porcupine is a face full of quills, so this coyote may learn to avoid this behavior in the future.

        B. F. Skinner has proposed using operant conditioning to shape behaviors by reinforcing such consequences.

        Animals can be trained to perform complex tasks by rewarding them with treats through operant conditioning.

       
    • Many animals exhibit               during an early stage of development called the             period.
     
  4. Some animals are capable of complicated behaviors called             .
     
  5. Sexually reproducing animals often exhibit reproductive behaviors that result in           selection.
     
    • In many species, females choose their mate in a process called                selection.
       
    • Males often            for females in a process called                selection.
     
  6. Animals that live in social groups must                with each other.
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  7. Some social animals exhibit               behavior, an action that benefits other individuals at a cost to the actor.
     
  8. Altruistic behavior may have evolutionary adaptations due to        selection.