Unit 2: The Living Cell
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Chapter 5
Cells
Review
Organisms are made of
, which are mostly
small
to maintain a high surface-to-
ratio
for exchange between the environment and the semifluid
.
The plasma
that encloses all cells is a fluid
consisting of a
phospholipid
in which
proteins
are embedded.
Prokaryotic
cells lack nuclei or other membrane-bound
and are encased in a rigid cell
.
Eukaryotic cells contain
and can be categorized into two main types:
cells
and
cells
The
contains the cell's genetic material
and serves as the command and control
center.
Other membranous organelles such as the
endoplasmic
, the
complex,
and lysosomes connect the plasma membrane and the nucleus, making up an
system.
Two organelles are prokaryote-like, containing their own
.
The
mitochondrion
is called the powerhouse of the cell because it is the site of
metabolism, providing energy for the cell.
The
chloroplast
is the site of
and are present in plants and algal cells.
The interior of the cell contains a
network
of protein fibers, called the
, that provides support and mobility for the cell.
Cilia
and
are locomotor appendages that propel cells through the environment.
Central
are storage centers in plant cells.
Plants have
cell
that function to support and protect the cell.
Materials pass into and out of the cell passively
through
and
.
Large substances move into and out of the cell through
transport mechanisms of
endocytosis
and
exocytosis,
respectively, without crossing the plasma membrane.
Plasma membranes contain protein channels that allow
permeability: the transport of specific materials across the membrane.
Facilitated
transports substances
their concentration gradient through a
protein.
transport requires energy to move substances
(against) concentration gradients through a protein; an example is the
-potassium
pump.
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Feb 2, 2010
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