Chapter 31
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Part 9:
Ecosystems
Review
is the study of interactions of living organisms with one another (community) and their physical
environment
(habitat).
Energy
through an ecosystem from the
sun,
through several
levels
of a
food
.
Energy
is lost as
at each trophic
level;
only about
of the energy is available for the next level, as reflected in
pyramids;
most pyramids are 3-4 levels high.
Unlike energy, the physical components of ecosystems are reused in biochemical
.
Water
cycle.
Carbon
cycle.
Nitrogen
cycle.
Phosphorus
cycle.
The sun affects
directly
by its
of the earth, and by affecting
patterns.
The
of the earth around its axis
deflects
winds and casts a rain
on the
side of
mountains.
Ocean ecosystems are affected by
penetration
and
.
waters
include
reefs,
regions and
.
-sea
surfaces
provide ~ 40% of all photosynthesis on earth.
-sea
waters
include
vents
Freshwater
ecosystems
are affected by
,
, and
from
surrounding
terrestrial environments.
Ponds and lakes are also stratified by depth into three
zones:
,
, and
.
Thermal
of ponds and lakes in temperate regions during
and
result in
seasonal
.
are terrestrial
ecosystems
defined by characteristic organisms and
and
patterns.
rain forest is the
richest
terrestrial ecosystem.
is
transitional
between tropical rain forest and desert.
are dry and found in the
interior
of continents.
have few trees and often populated by herds of grazing
mammals.
forests
are dominated by trees that drop leaves in winter.
constitutes a circumpolar system of coniferous
forests
with low diversity of plants.
is found in the far
north
and high mountains.
occurs in
climates
with hot, dry summers and mild winters.
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Nov 15, 2008
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