Chapter 3
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Part 2: The Living Cell
The Chemistry of Life
Review
An
atom
is the smallest
particle
of an
element,
and contains a nucleus of
and
with
orbiting around the nucleus.
are
atoms
that have gained (
) or lost (
) one or more electrons.
Electrons can be shared between atoms by forming
.
bonds
form when
of opposite charge are attracted to each other.
bonds
form when atoms
electrons to make a
; each bond involves one
of electrons.
bonds
form between the partially charged ends of
molecules.
The
bonds between polar water molecules give water unique
properties.
The
bonds in water sometimes dissociate to
form
negatively charged
ions (OH
-
) and positively charged
ions (H
+
).
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution determines a chemical property
called
.
Changes
in pH can be minimized by
.
(or polymers) are formed by linking subunits of
through
synthesis
and broken down by
reactions.
There are
classes of macromolecules.
Proteins are polypeptides linked by
acids
with covalent
bonds,
and exhibits primary,
secondary,
tertiary, and
structures.
Nucleic acids, such as
and
, are long chains of
nucleotides
which can be
twisted
into a double
.
(
sugars
) are made from
monomers such as
.
Simple sugars include
such as
sucrose
and
lactose;
longer sugar molecules are called complex
sugars
or
.
are
molecules
composed of
acids and
include
and
fats.
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Jun 21, 2009
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