Winter Arthropods

Mammals are homeothermic: body temperature stays constant. Arthropods are ectothermic: regulate their body temperatures externally (or poikilothermic, body temperature fluctuates). How do they survivie northern Illinois winters?
Migrate:
- Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus
Burrow beneath freeze line:
- Prairie Crayfish Procambarus gracilis, Beetle grubs (Order Coleoptera), Millipedes (Order Dilopoda).
Aquatic:
- Northern Crayfish Orconectes virili
Diapause:
- Freeze avoidance: supercool, produce high concentrations of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and antifreeze proteins; avoid contact with ice.
- Freeze tolerance: ice-nucleating proteins promote extracellular freezing.
- Diapause as larva:
  - Cattail Moth (freeze avoidance).
  - Goldenrod gall moth Epiblema scuddderiana (freeze avoidance).
  - Goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis (freeze tolerance).
  - Banded Wooly Bear Pyrrharctia isabella (freeze tolerance).
- Diapause as nymph:
  - Black-and-Yellow Argiope Argiope aurantia
- Diapause as pupa:
  - Queen Anne's Webworm?
  - Saturniid Moths: Promethea Antheraea polyphemus (produce glycerol).
- Diapause as adult:
  - Bald-faced Hornet Vespula maculata.
  - Mourning cloak Nymphalis antiopa (freeze-tolerant, produce sorbitol).
- Diapause as egg:
  - Bagworm Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis.
  - Chinese Mantis Tenodera aridifolia.
Die and repopulate:
- Painted Lady Vanessa cardui